Kiribati is a low- and lower-middle-income country in the Pacific Islands. With a population of 135,000 and a GDP (PPP) of $498 million in 2024, its economic output is modest, yielding a per capita GDP of $3,702. Despite its small scale, the transport sector significantly impacts the domestic carbon footprint, generating 39,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2024. This accounts for about 34% of the nation's total economy-wide emissions, underscoring the transport sector's vital role in national mitigation efforts agenda.
Transport and Climate Change
Transport emissions have significantly changed recently. Before the Paris Agreement and SDGs, CO2 emissions from transport grew by 5.1% annually. Since 2015, this increase has slowed to 3.9% per year. Road transport is still the main source, making up 86% of total transport emissions and 29% of overall GHG emissions. Meanwhile, domestic navigation and aviation each contributed about 7% of the sector's emissions in 2024, with rail transport not yet part of the national infrastructure mix.
Efficiency gains are evident in the declining CO2 emissions intensity of the transport sector relative to GDP. In 2024, intensity stood at 78.0 g CO2e per USD, a significant decrease from 102.1 in 2015 and 89.6 in 2000. However, Kiribati's emissions intensity remains substantially higher than the Asia-Pacific average (29.0 g CO2e per USD) and the Pacific Islands subregional average (56.6 g CO2e per USD). This indicates a higher carbon cost of economic activity than its peers. Similarly, energy intensity has declined, from 2.18 megajoules (MJ) per USD in 2000 to 1.01 MJ per USD in 2023. Despite this improvement, Kiribati still consumes more energy per unit of GDP than the Pacific regional average of 0.74 MJ per USD.
The sector remains entirely dependent on fossil fuels, with oil products accounting for 100% of transport energy consumption as of 2023. There has been no recorded penetration of biofuels or electricity into the transport energy mix. This total reliance on petroleum carries high external costs; fossil fuel subsidies contribute to societal burdens primarily through congestion (48%), road damages (41%), and road crashes (11%). Furthermore, fuel tax revenues, which constitute roughly 1% of total government revenue, are expected to decline structurally as the global and regional transition toward transport electrification progresses.
Kiribati is exceptionally vulnerable to climate-induced disruptions, ranking 208th out of 208 countries in the National Road Vulnerability ranking.1 This indicates that the loss of even a single key infrastructure segment could lead to a total failure of the transport network. With 95% of the population living in low-elevation coastal zones, the threat of sea-level rise poses an existential risk to transport assets. Since 2000, the country has experienced three major natural disasters—primarily flooding (67%) and storms (33%)—that have affected 2,000 people. The embodied emissions associated with the materials required for constant infrastructure expansion and maintenance are estimated at 3,000 tonnes of CO2-equivalent per year.
Motorization rates remain low at 111 vehicles per thousand population, compared to the Asia-Pacific average of 317. The vehicle fleet is characterized by a high proportion of two-wheelers (43%) and trucks (42%), with light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and buses making up 11% and 3%, respectively. While bus imports grew to $12.1 million between 2015 and 2024, none were electric. Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is in its infancy, representing <1% of total road vehicle imports by 2024. UNEP's E-mobility Readiness Index scores Kiribati at 37 out of 100, reflecting significant gaps in policy and financial instruments despite some progress in energy and technology readiness.
Official Development Assistance (ODA) has become a primary vehicle for transport investment. ODA surged from $12.1 million (2002-2010) to $190.4 million (2011-2023), with a significant shift in focus; the share of ODA allocated to roads increased from 2% to 44%, while ports and airports remain major beneficiaries at 26% and 29%, respectively.
Policy-wise, the 2023 Kiribati Enhanced NDC commits to an unconditional reduction of BAU GHG emissions by 8% by 2030, which could rise to 61.8% with international assistance. While the NDC lacks transport-specific targets beyond shipping efficiency, the government has identified priority measures in biofuels, renewable energy, and shipping improvements. Currently, 77% of transport policy measures focus on mitigation, while only 31% incorporate adaptation or resilience components, suggesting a need for more robust climate-proofing of the nation's transport infrastructure.
Kiribati's "Avoid" strategies focus on reducing the necessity for carbon-intensive travel by enhancing local accessibility and leveraging digital solutions. The Pacific Regional Connectivity Program Phase 4 targets the development of climate-resilient national digital connectivity infrastructure to support remote access and reduce physical transit requirements. Furthermore, the Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19 emphasizes improving infrastructure to foster localized socio-economic development, thereby reducing reliance on long-haul domestic travel. This is complemented by the Kiribati Climate Change Policy, which integrates planning processes to climate-proof infrastructure, ensuring that existing settlements remain viable and accessible without necessitating new, high-emission transport corridors.
Shift: To facilitate a modal shift away from private vehicle use, the Kiribati NDC Investment Plan outlines a Multi-modal Transit Initiative designed to provide technical assistance and investment in motorized transit services, such as buses, to increase passenger capacity per vehicle. On the land transport front, the Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021 prioritizes active transport through the Land Transport Infrastructure Upgrade for Non-motorized Transport, which includes the design of 370 km of dedicated roadways with protected foot and bicycle traffic lanes. These efforts are reinforced by the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management, which mandates public awareness and educational programs to encourage walking and cycling, particularly within village communities, to foster a culture of low-impact mobility.
The "Improve" pillar represents the most robust segment of Kiribati's climate strategy, focusing on fuel switching and technical efficiency across all modes. The Kiribati NDC Investment Plan introduces an Electric Vehicle Network Development program to introduce up to 2,800 electric vehicles and a corresponding Level-2 charging network. In the maritime sector—a critical area for Kiribati—the National Action Plan for Decarbonising Maritime Transport and the Kiribati Enhanced NDC advocate for operationalizing low-carbon vessels and transitioning from 2-stroke to 4-stroke or electric outboard motors. Aviation efficiency is similarly addressed in the Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation, which explores integrating Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and the Eco-Airport Program, featuring LED lighting and solar power installations. Finally, the Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap: 2017-2025 and the Kiribati NDC emphasize the use of coconut oil-based biofuel blends to reduce the carbon intensity of the remaining internal combustion engine fleet.
Representation of Transport in Key Climate Policy Documents
Distribution of Transport and Climate Policy Measures in Policy Documents
These tables contains transport-relevant (e.g. economy-wide; sector-specific) GHG emissions targets as explicitly mentioned in the policy documents.
Economy-wide GHG emissions mandates
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
unconditional reduction of BAU GHG by 9.5% by 2025; conditional by 16.7%
2025
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
unconditional reduction of BAU GHG by 8% by 2030; conditional by 23.8%
2030
Kiribati NDC
2016
Kiribati is a LDC SIDS with limited resources, that will nonetheless commit to reduce emissions by: 13.7% by 2025 and 12.8% by 2030 compared to a BaU projection. On the understanding that a global agreement addresses international assistance to access financial and technical resources, Kiribati can, with international assistance, contribute a further: 48.8% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2025; and 49% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to the BaU projection. With appropriate international assistance, Kiribati can reduce its emissions by more than 60% (61.8%) by 2030.
2025
Kiribati NDC
2016
Kiribati is a LDC SIDS with limited resources, that will nonetheless commit to reduce emissions by: 13.7% by 2025 and 12.8% by 2030 compared to a BaU projection. On the understanding that a global agreement addresses international assistance to access financial and technical resources, Kiribati can, with international assistance, contribute a further: 48.8% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2025; and 49% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to the BaU projection. With appropriate international assistance, Kiribati can reduce its emissions by more than 60% (61.8%) by 2030.
2030
Net zero, carbon neutrality
Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation
2023
0
2050
Indirect Transport Climate Change Targets
These tables show non-GHG targets as specified in the policy documents which indirectly benefit climate change mitigation and adaptation in the transport sector.
Aviation transport activity
KV20 Vision
2017
the number of flight schedules per month will be increase to 30 by 2019 and to 50 by 2036
2036
Increasing transport activity
KV20 Vision
2017
the number of shipping voyages per month will be increased to 30 by 2019 and to 50 by 2036
2036
Managing transport energy consumption
Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation
2023
0
2050
Shipping efficiency improvements
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
replace 2,010 of the 2-stroke outboard motors used in Kiribati with either 4-stroke motors (1,560) or electric outboards (450) by 2030
2030
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
replace 2,010 of the 2-stroke outboard motors used in Kiribati with either 4-stroke motors (1,560) or electric outboards (450) by 2030. Low Carbon Mini-Container Ship: This opportunity includes investment in a mini container ship of 80 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) capacity to be operated by KNSL.
2030
Transport and Climate Policy Measures
These tables list the policy measures that relate to climate change mitigation and adaptation in the transport sector that had been identified in the transport policy documents.
Accreditation of transport agencies and centres
Development of national road safety strategy - Driver training and licensing
2013
Promote the establishment of an adequate number of properly equipped driver training establishments
x
Active mobility - General
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
use of bicycles
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
access and use of bicycles and/or e-bicycles in Kiribati
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Bicycle/E-Bike Financing Initiative. – Land Transport Infrastructure Upgrade for Non-motorized Transport: The design and implementation of enhanced land transport infrastructure will support decarbonisation based on the availability of infrastructure designed to prioritize use of non-motorized transport (e.g. - cycling and walking). To encourage decarbonisation, by reinforcing non-motorized transport through deliberate inclusion of separated green space between vehicle lanes and protected infrastructure for foot and bicycle traffic along 370 km of dedicated roadways yet to undergo paving/upgrading. Technical assistance and the financing of both the design and infrastructure will guide how carriageway and bridges are partitioned, and the allocation of space between motorized and non-motorized transport will encourage GHG mitigation via non-motorised transport.
x
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Develop and implement public awareness and educational programmes for: good transport management; electricity use; energy efficiency and conservation, and use of active transport (bicycles, walking), particularly in villages.
x
Active transport infrastructure expansion and improvement
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
– Land Transport Infrastructure Upgrade for Non-motorized Transport: The design and implementation of enhanced land transport infrastructure will support decarbonisation based on the availability of infrastructure designed to prioritize use of non-motorized transport (e.g. - cycling and walking). To encourage decarbonisation, by reinforcing non-motorized transport through deliberate inclusion of separated green space between vehicle lanes and protected infrastructure for foot and bicycle traffic along 370 km of dedicated roadways yet to undergo paving/upgrading. Technical assistance and the financing of both the design and infrastructure will guide how carriageway and bridges are partitioned, and the allocation of space between motorized and non-motorized transport will encourage GHG mitigation via non-motorised transport.
x
Aircraft fleet renovation
Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation
2023
0
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
f renewing the Air Kiribati (domestic) fleet of six small aircraft provides a suitable opportunity for continual improvements in aircraft performance.
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Aircraft Re-Fleeting Programme
x
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Fleet renewal - passenger and cargo
x
Airport infrastructure improvement
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Airport & Airfield infrastructure upgrade
x
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Enhance air transport infrastructure and security to better withstand impacts of climate change and disaster risks. a. Construct runway seawall and runway end safety area to protect runway from sea level rise and erosion and to accommodate relief plane in times of disaster. b. Strengthen navigational capacity through calibration of navigational requirements and installation of navigational aids at every international and domestic airport. c. Improve/rehabilitate all airports (including Canton and Fanning).
x
KV20 Vision
2017
rehabilitate the airfield in order to support eco-tourism development in PIPA and emergency flights in the line and Phoenix Islands. purchase bigger aircrafts like Dash 8 to supplement existing fleets to meet the growing domestic demand, and to establish an international link to neighbouring countries. improvement of runways on the outer islands, procurement of an Airbus,
x
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Identify and improve the infrastructure needs for the Line and Phoenix islands including the sea port and airport facilities on Kanton Island. Improve operational safety and oversight of international air transport infrastructure through the completion of the Kiribati Aviation Investment Project.
x
Airport/ground operations improvement
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
training program for aviation - related oprational efficiency measures
x
Aviation safety
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Build and provide necessary infrastructure for development such as air and sea ports. To improve accessibility to aviation information and publication to create a society of informed citizens on aviation events and issues; hence increase understanding of requirements to support safe air operations. To provide an effective safety oversight system for the provision of safe and reliable Air Services. Build improved terminals where needed
x
Biofuels
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
use of biofuel blends
x
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
e import and use of biofuel blends for diesel and petrol, and the construction of necessary infrastructure to enable the use of these fuels
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Biofuel Blends in Land and Maritime Transport: e import and use of biofuel blends for diesel and petrol, and the construction of necessary infrastructure to enable the use of these fuels
x
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Establish fuel standards and a testing facility for coconut oil-based biofuel to be used for power generation and transport
x
x
Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap: 2017-2025
2017
Establish local, CNO-based biofuel production chain
Kiribati NDC
2016
Use of coconut oil as biodiesel for transport
x
x
Budget/ identification of public transport projects
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
provide technical assistance, capacity building, and investment in motorised, transit services (e.g. buses), which will offer more passenger capacity per vehicle for transit between communities
x
Bunkering infrastructure for alternative fuels
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
import and use of biofuel blends for diesel and petrol, and the construction of necessary infrastructure to enable the use of these fuels
x
Capacity building - General
Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030)
2022
Multi-disciplinary participation in road safety-related discussions and investigation of major road crashes Ensure availability of trained workforce for effective monitoring and implementation of the prevailing provision of VTMR § 140, 157, 158
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Multi-modal Transit Initiative: provide technical assistance, capacity building, and investment in motorised, transit services (e.g. buses), which will offer more passenger capacity per vehicle for transit between communities. capacity building and training programme for maintenance and operation of the alternative outboard motors for boat operators and mechanics Aviation Operational Training Programme
x
x
x
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Human capacity to operate new Government infrastructure to quality standards. Ensure efficient administration and human resource development
Transport Investment PID
2020
rehabilitation works for existing causeways15, including enabling works and related investments, to ensure accessibility on prioritized outer islands. The rehabilitation works will include climate resilient features such as the provision of durable wearing course (i.e. interlocking block or concrete geocell), proper drainage and erosion control. The maintenance of the causeways will be secured during the project period, by providing technical assistance and training for developing causeways maintenance programs, and promoting the participation of women on the maintenance teams(by piloting an all-female routine maintenance team for causeway/maritime facilities); and (b) accompanying consulting services16 to support detailed design and delivery of this sub-component, as well as additional site investigations and studies strengthen MICTTD and MISE's institutional and regulatory functions for transport sector asset management, systematically increasing the sustainability of the climate resilient transport sector investments.
x
x
x
KV20 Vision
2017
institutional strengthening of AKL to improve its domestic and international air service capability.
x
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Promote training opportunities for professional and technical staff in relevant ministries including work attachments in local and overseas programmes. Upgrade and enhance the capacity of ministry professional and support staff in the use and application of appropriate levels of competency in the information and communication technology.
Data collection and repositories - General
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Upgrade and improve data storage and management and use by staff in Ministries.
Decreasing transport activity
Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap: 2017-2025
2017
Reduction on fuel use for land transport for Ministries
x
Development of biofuel plan/policy
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Roadmap developed for substituting diesel fuel with coconut oil biofuel for power generation and transportation
x
x
Development of climate change/ low carbon plan/ policy
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
National Action Plan for Decarbonising Maritime Transport
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
National Action Plan for Decarbonising Maritime Transport: e provision of technical assistance for the preparation and implementation of a coordinated national level action plan for decarbonising maritime transport, including for lodging with the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
x
Development of shipping/ maritime/ inland water transport (IWT) plan/ policy
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
National Action Plan for Decarbonising Maritime Transport
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
National Action Plan for Decarbonising Maritime Transport: e provision of technical assistance for the preparation and implementation of a coordinated national level action plan for decarbonising maritime transport, including for lodging with the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
x
Development of transport asset management plan/policy
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Implement sustainable infrastructure by developing and adopting a comprehensive maintenance plan for major infrastructure.
x
x
x
Disaster notification/ early warning system
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
increasing effectiveness and efficiency of early warning and disaster emergency management
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
• Increasing effectiveness and efficiency of early warnings and disaster and emergency management
Kiribati NDC
2016
Increasing effectiveness and efficiency of early warnings and disaster emergency management
EV - General
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
access and use of bicycles and/or e-bicycles in Kiribati. introduction of up to 2,800 Electric Vehicles (EV) and a network of Level-2 chargers in Kiribat
x
EV charging infrastructure
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
introduction of up to 2,800 Electric Vehicles (EV) and a network of Level-2 chargers in Kiribat
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Electric Vehicle Network Development: Technical assistance and financial support for the development and introduction of up to 2,800 Electric Vehicles (EV) and a network of Level-2 chargers in Kiribati. planning for the allocation of infrastructure to create a sufficient charging network across first the public, and then the private sector locations
x
EV mandates/ procurement
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Bicycle/E-Bike Financing Initiative. Electric Vehicle Network Development: Technical assistance and financial support for the development and introduction of up to 2,800 Electric Vehicles (EV) and a network of Level-2 chargers in Kiribati.
x
Education and behavior change - General
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
To improve accessibility to aviation information and publication to create a society of informed citizens on aviation events and issues; hence increase understanding of requirements to support safe air operations.
x
Development of national road safety strategy - Driver training and licensing
2013
Road safety awareness campaigns are aimed at changing driver attitudes and behaviours and thus complement driver training and make it more effective. Organize campaigns and orientation programmes for all categories of road users and make them aware of their respective responsibilities Including first aid training for schools and the community
x
Education curriculum sensitizing about transport subsector
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
training program for aviation - related oprational efficiency measures
x
Emissions trading and carbon pricing
Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation
2023
0
x
Excavation/dredging
Transport Investment PID
2020
finance engineering studies and civil works for a variety of maritime infrastructure improvements (including associated infrastructure), tailored to the needs of each island, as follows: (a) construction of jetty, passenger terminal and concrete ramp on Abaiang; and small-scale dredging (at Tebikerike, North Beru), passenger terminal, and seawall upgrade works on Beru; (b) construction of small multipurpose maritime facilities on Nonouti and Tabiteuea South, including concrete boat ramp, shelter, and AtoN workshop and small equipment
x
Female economic empowerment and workforce participation
Transport Investment PID
2020
promoting the participation of women on the maintenance teams(by piloting an all-female routine maintenance team for causeway/maritime facilities)
x
x
x
Freight and logistics improvements - General
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Enhance transport and logistics infrastructure to be safer and more climateresilient to promote outer island tourism.
x
x
x
Green aviation program
Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation
2023
Eco-Airport Program a. Planting of trees b. Installation of LED lights to replace classic lighting c. Installation of solar panels in for power generation at the airport d. Internal procedure improvement for minimizing energy consumption (human behaviour)
x
Green roads program
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Implement environmentally sustainable causeways in both the urban and rural areas including the completion of the new causeway between Betio and Bairiki.
x
x
Green shipping program
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
operationalising low-carbon vessels
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
National Action Plan for Decarbonising Maritime Transport. Low Carbon Mini-Container Ship: This opportunity includes investment in a mini container ship of 80 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) capacity to be operated by KNSL
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Low Carbon Mini-Container Ship: This opportunity includes investment in a mini container ship of 80 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) capacity to be operated by KNSL. Small Low Carbon Cargo/Passenger Freighter: This opportunity includes investment in a freighter of approximately 200 tonnes, with some passenger capacity, to be operated by KNSL. Zero-impact cruise liner, Phoenix Islands: This opportunity involved the implementation of a pilot ‘zero impact' small scale cruise liner with capacity of 40-50 passengers operating from Tarawa to the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA)
x
x
Infrastructure improvements - General
Pacific Regional Connectivity Program Phase 4
2023
Digital Connectivity Infrastructure. This component will support the development of climate and disaster resilient national digital connectivity infrastructure
x
x
x
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
To improve air, land and sea transport infrastructure. Provide/improve access between Tarawa and the outer islands
x
x
Managing transport energy consumption
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Develop a policy to guide and enforce the efficient use of energy and infrastructure upgrading in the transport sector and power sector.
x
x
x
Maritime Safety
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
To provide safe, quality and affordable shipping services to all islands to support socio-economic development policies.
x
Transport Investment PID
2020
finance hydrographic surveying (by Airborne Laser Bathymetry (ALB) and vessel-based Multi-Beam Echo Sounder (MBES) surveys) and maritime charts focusing on the four target islands to significantly improve the safety of navigation.
x
Modal shift
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
shifting to public transport
x
Parking measures - General
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Address Traffic congestions and parking.
x
Passenger and freight load limits
Maritime Act
2017
Neither the master nor the owner of a vessel shall permit to be carried in the vessel more persons than the permitted number of passengers. All vessels registered under this Act with a length between perpendiculars (LBP) of 24 metres or more shall be assigned a freeboard in accordance with the International Load Line Convention 1966 and its subsequent amendments or it protocols.
x
Private sector investment/ PPP
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
locally driven resilience programes
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Whole-of-Lifecycle Vehicle Programme: The opportunity for government intervention, as well as potential private sector operators, in the collection and export of scrap materials from recovered vehicles can be addressed through technical assistance and investment to develop and establish publicprivate partnerships or service contract/licensing arrangements.
x
Public transport improvement - General
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Multi-modal Transit Initiative: provide technical assistance, capacity building, and investment in motorised, transit services (e.g. buses), which will offer more passenger capacity per vehicle for transit between communities.
x
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Public transportation service improved and co-ordinated
x
Public transport intermodality - General
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Multi-modal Transit Initiative: provide technical assistance, capacity building, and investment in motorised, transit services (e.g. buses), which will offer more passenger capacity per vehicle for transit between communities.
x
Reference to international financial support
Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation
2023
0
x
Renewable energy
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
promote and enhance transition towards renewable energy sources - by appropriate policy, legislation and regulation
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Promoting the use of sustainable renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency
Kiribati Climate Change Policy
2018
Promote and enhance the transition towards renewable energy sources.
Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap: 2017-2025
2017
Explore the feasibility of the development of alternative liquid fuels based on indigenous raw materials, such as coconut
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Develop and promote the use of renewable energy in all sectors of the economy including the implementation of the Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap.
Kiribati NDC
2016
Maximum use of RE & EE
Repurposing road space for active mobility access
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
– Land Transport Infrastructure Upgrade for Non-motorized Transport: The design and implementation of enhanced land transport infrastructure will support decarbonisation based on the availability of infrastructure designed to prioritize use of non-motorized transport (e.g. - cycling and walking). To encourage decarbonisation, by reinforcing non-motorized transport through deliberate inclusion of separated green space between vehicle lanes and protected infrastructure for foot and bicycle traffic along 370 km of dedicated roadways yet to undergo paving/upgrading. Technical assistance and the financing of both the design and infrastructure will guide how carriageway and bridges are partitioned, and the allocation of space between motorized and non-motorized transport will encourage GHG mitigation via non-motorised transport.
x
Resilient transport infrastructure
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
building coastal resilinece through strategic coastal protection iitiatives
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Enhance transport and logistics infrastructure to be safer and more climateresilient to promote outer island tourism.
x
x
x
Kiribati NDC
2016
Promoting sound and reliable infrastructure development and land management
x
Road infrastructure expansion
KV20 Vision
2017
Government will develop 9 tar-sealed roads by 2019 and 19 tar-sealed roads by 2036 in the outer island
x
Shipping efficiency improvements
Kiribati Enhanced NDC
2023
fuel efficient outboard motors
x
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Introduce regulations on minimum standards for energy efficiency
x
Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap: 2017-2025
2017
Efficient sea ferry system developed for nearby outer islands
x
Shipping improvement - General
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Build and provide necessary infrastructure for development such as air and sea ports. To provide safe, quality and affordable shipping services to all islands to support socio-economic development policies. Develop and review new vessel design. Naval Architecture development and training New Premises for Marine Division Establish and improve wharfs/jetties and ramps for domestic travel and cargo shipments Rules and guidelines for domestic fleets Reviewal/Renewal of existing domestic vessel licenses
x
Transport Investment PID
2020
finance hydrographic surveying (by Airborne Laser Bathymetry (ALB) and vessel-based Multi-Beam Echo Sounder (MBES) surveys) and maritime charts focusing on the four target islands to significantly improve the safety of navigation.
x
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Enhance sea transport infrastructure to better withstand climate change and disaster risks and provide food and water security. a. Procure and install navigational/radio equipment (including Kiritimati). b. Include risk reduction considerations in rehabilitation of Kiritimati Port.
x
KV20 Vision
2017
development plans to improve maritime infrastructure on the outer islands.
x
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Improve the inter-island transport system.
x
Shipping port infrastructure improvements
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Provision of efficient port services and safe facilities. Improve safety measures & support. Improve port operations & security logistics. Port expansion
x
Transport Investment PID
2020
finance engineering studies and civil works for a variety of maritime infrastructure improvements (including associated infrastructure), tailored to the needs of each island, as follows: (a) construction of jetty, passenger terminal and concrete ramp on Abaiang; and small-scale dredging (at Tebikerike, North Beru), passenger terminal, and seawall upgrade works on Beru; (b) construction of small multipurpose maritime facilities on Nonouti and Tabiteuea South, including concrete boat ramp, shelter, and AtoN workshop and small equipment
x
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Identify and improve the infrastructure needs for the Line and Phoenix islands including the sea port and airport facilities on Kanton Island.
x
Stakeholder involvement - General
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Work closely with MOE and other stakeholders on road safety
x
Transport Investment PID
2020
it will provide assistance to design , to replace existing defective AtoNs, to fabricate and install new AtoNs, as well as technical assistance to establish a system of maintaining these assets. Activities will involve as much local participation as possible, with a specific goal of transferring skills needed to sustain the Marine Division's AtoNs fabrication and asset management function into the future.
x
Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF)
Kiribati Action Plan on CO2 Emissions Reduction from International Aviation
2023
Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Integration of the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) into the domestic operational fuel mixture
would significantly reduce CO2 emissions from domestic operations but would also mean that
a transition from the conventional fuels used in Kiribati to SAF would mean outbound
international flights will reduce CO2 emissions as well from the use of SAF. This potential
mitigation measure would first require a study on storage and handling of SAF as well as any
financial challenges Kiribati may face in the implementation of use of SAF.
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
Integration of biofuels - sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) - into the Air Kiribati operational fuel mixture
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Sustainable Aviation Fuel Integration Initiative: Integration of biofuels - sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) - into the Air Kiribati operational fuel mixture
x
Technical standards for road infrastructure
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
– Land Transport Infrastructure Upgrade for Non-motorized Transport: The design and implementation of enhanced land transport infrastructure will support decarbonisation based on the availability of infrastructure designed to prioritize use of non-motorized transport (e.g. - cycling and walking). To encourage decarbonisation, by reinforcing non-motorized transport through deliberate inclusion of separated green space between vehicle lanes and protected infrastructure for foot and bicycle traffic along 370 km of dedicated roadways yet to undergo paving/upgrading. Technical assistance and the financing of both the design and infrastructure will guide how carriageway and bridges are partitioned, and the allocation of space between motorized and non-motorized transport will encourage GHG mitigation via non-motorised transport.
x
Technology and knowledge transfer
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Upgrade and enhance the capacity of ministry professional and support staff in the use and application of appropriate levels of competency in the information and communication technology.
Traffic management
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Address Traffic congestions and parking.
x
Transport Laws and Regulations- General
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
Review existing policies and legislations underpinning land transport
x
Amendment to Maritime Act
2019
Maritime Ammendment Act, 2019
x
Maritime Act
2017
Maritime Act 2017
x
Transport access improvement - General
Ministry Strategic Plan (MICTTD) 2021-2024
2021
To improve accessibility to aviation information and publication to create a society of informed citizens on aviation events and issues; hence increase understanding of requirements to support safe air operations.
To improve air, land and sea transport infrastructure. Provide/improve access between Tarawa and the outer islands
x
Transport asset management - General
Kiribati National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2022-2032 - Project Database
2024
Maintenance and Upgrade of all National Roads
x
Transport Investment PID
2020
provide assistance to design14 , to replace existing defective AtoNs, to fabricate and install new AtoNs, as well as technical assistance to establish a system of maintaining these assets. rehabilitation works for existing causeways15, including enabling works and related investments, to ensure accessibility on prioritized outer islands. The rehabilitation works will include climate resilient features such as the provision of durable wearing course (i.e. interlocking block or concrete geocell), proper drainage and erosion control. The maintenance of the causeways will be secured during the project period, by providing technical assistance and training for developing causeways maintenance programs, and promoting the participation of women on the maintenance teams(by piloting an all-female routine maintenance team for causeway/maritime facilities); and (b) accompanying consulting services16 to support detailed design and delivery of this sub-component, as well as additional site investigations and studies
x
x
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Retrofit coastal infrastructure (roads, causeways, jetties) to sustain it against threats of climate change and disaster risks. Plan and implement a maintenance programme for outer island infrastructure ensure existing bridges and causeways remain viable.
x
x
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Undertake to complete the implementation of the roads and airfields upgrading in the outer islands.
x
x
Transport finance - General
Transport Investment PID
2020
strengthen MICTTD and MISE's institutional and regulatory functions for transport sector asset management, systematically increasing the sustainability of the climate resilient transport sector investments.
x
x
x
Transport infrastructure modification to reduce climate risks
Transport Investment PID
2020
rehabilitation works for existing causeways, including enabling works and related investments, to ensure accessibility on prioritized outer islands. The rehabilitation works will include climate resilient features such as the provision of durable wearing course (i.e. interlocking block or concrete geocell), proper drainage and erosion control. The maintenance of the causeways will be secured during the project period, by providing technical assistance and training for developing causeways maintenance programs, and promoting the participation of women on the maintenance teams(by piloting an all-female routine maintenance team for causeway/maritime facilities); and (b) accompanying consulting services to support detailed design and delivery of this sub-component, as well as additional site investigations and studies
x
x
x
Kiribati Climate Change Policy
2018
Develop planning processes and programs for climate proofing infrastructure throughout Kiribati
x
x
x
Transport institutional reform
Transport Investment PID
2020
strengthen MICTTD and MISE's institutional and regulatory functions for transport sector asset management, systematically increasing the sustainability of the climate resilient transport sector investments.
x
x
x
KV20 Vision
2017
institutional strengthening of AKL to improve its domestic and international air service capability. review and establishment of Air Service Agreements with target countries and others
x
Development of national road safety strategy - Driver training and licensing
2013
2013 MoU This new MoU is intended to strengthen the Taskforce to enable it to prepare and implement a National Road Safety Strategy and Action Plan for Kiribati. It includes proposals to update legislation related to Highway & Traffic Acts and to establish a formal constitution of the KRSTF
x
Transport international conventions - General
Amendment to Maritime Act
2019
Vessels to comply with convention obligation and requirements
x
Transport resilience - general
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
c. Enhance resilience of small-scale wharf, jetty, channel and embarkation infrastructure to enable efficient infrastructure delivery, tourism and provide food security.
x
National Adaptation Programmes of Action
2007
The design and construction of the seawalls and causeways is improved. Specific arrangement for the upgrading of causeways and seawalls is initiated. Causeways are upgraded where there is need, and seawalls protecting infrastructure are upgraded. Local government councils and communities are involved.
x
Vehicle efficiency standards
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Introduce regulations on minimum standards for energy efficiency
x
Vehicle import inspections
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Develop a policy to minimise the importation of second-hand vehicles that are not environmentally friendly and fuel efficient.
x
Vehicle restrictions (import, age, access, sale, taxation)
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2019
Develop a policy to minimise the importation of second-hand vehicles that are not environmentally friendly and fuel efficient.
x
Vehicle scrappage scheme
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan 2021
2022
Whole-of-Lifecycle Vehicle Programme
x
Kiribati NDC Investment Plan
2021
Whole-of-Lifecycle Vehicle Programme: The opportunity for government intervention, as well as potential private sector operators, in the collection and export of scrap materials from recovered vehicles can be addressed through technical assistance and investment to develop and establish publicprivate partnerships or service contract/licensing arrangements.
x
Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19
2016
Hazardous e-waste and bulky waste (of old vehicles) both need managed collection and shipment out of Kiribati.
x
Vessel scrappage and retrofit
Transport Investment PID
2020
provide assistance to design , to replace existing defective AtoNs, to fabricate and install new AtoNs, as well as technical assistance to establish a system of maintaining these assets.
x
Disclaimer
The Asian Transport Observatory (ATO) project collects, collates, and organizes data from publicly available official, as well as reputable and peer-reviewed secondary sources, which may contain incomplete or inconsistent data. It is important to note that the ATO does not generate data. Changes in the methodologies used in the sources, and changes in the values due to such changes may not necessarily be highlighted in this specific document. Moreover, while the ATO carries out quality control and assurance of whether the data are truthfully reflected in the ATO, the ATO does not make any warranties or representations as to the appropriateness, quality, accuracy, or completeness of the data in the ATO databases, and in the knowledge products that are produced from such. Users are encouraged to scrutinize, verify, interpret, and judge the data before utilizing them. For the profiles, please note that we utilize the 3-letter codes from ISO due to the global nature of some of the figures. All insights are grounded in ATO national, urban, and policy databases. To ensure professional excellence, human-generated texts undergo AI-assisted refinement for grammar and clarity. Editorial judgment and content responsibility remain fully with the ATO, and AI is not used for autonomous content generation.
Koks, E., Rozenberg, J., Tariverdi, M., Dickens, B., Fox, C., Ginkel, K. van, & Hallegatte, S. (2023). A global assessment of national road network vulnerability. Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability, 3(2), 025008. https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/acd1aa
Liu, K., Wang, Q., Wang, M., & Koks, E. E. (2023). Global transportation infrastructure exposure to the change of precipitation in a warmer world. Nature Communications, 14(1), 2541. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38203-3
Noll, B., Schmidt, T. S., & Egli, F. (2026). The electric vehicle transition and vanishing fuel tax revenues. Nature Sustainability, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01721-7
Wiedenhofer, D., Baumgart, A., Matej, S., Virág, D., Kalt, G., Lanau, M., Tingley, D. D., Liu, Z., Guo, J., Tanikawa, H., & Haberl, H. (2024). Mapping and modelling global mobility infrastructure stocks, material flows and their embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 139742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139742
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